URL چیست؟ _ زمانی که آدرس سایتی را در جستجوگر خود تایپ می کنید، اتفاقات زیادی در پشت پرده انجام می شوند. و بیشتر این اتفاقات بر مبنای بخش های لینک URL) Uniform Resource Locator) که تایپ کرده اید، مشخص می‌شود. در این مطلب بیشتر در مورد URL ها و بخش های آن ها آشنا خواهیم شد.

یک لینک URL از بخش های مختلفی تشکیل می شود. یک هاست نیم در آن وجود دارد که شما را به یک آدرس IP از یک منبع شناخته شده در اینترنت و اطلاعات اضافی دیگر متصل می‌کند. تا جستجوگر شما و سرور بتواند اوضاع را مدیریت کنند. آدرس IP را به عنوان یک شماره تلفن در نظر بگیرید. و هاست نیم نیز مانند اسم شخصی است که می خواهید با آن تماس بگیرید.

یک الگو به نام دامین نیم سیستم وجود دارد که در پس زمینه مثل یک کتابچه تلفن کار می‌کند. این بخش هاست نیم ها را به آدرس های IP بر می گرداند. شبکه از IP ها برای مسیریابی استفاده می‌کند.

ساختار URL

قالب URL اولین بار توسط سر تیم برنرزلی تعریف شد. در آن زمان، URLها به طور کلی با ترکیب دامین نیم ها و مسیر فایل ها، مسیر یک فایل مشخص یا غیره را مشخص می کردند. مثل مسیرهایی مانند C:\Users\Public\myfile.txt در ویندوز، فقط با این فرق که اطلاعات اضافی در ابتدای آن نیز موجود است تا با آن سرور موردنظر، جایی که مسیر وجود دارد، را روی اینترنت بیابیم. علاوه بر این، یک پروتکل که این اجازه را می دهد که به اطلاعات دسترسی پیدا کنیم.

یو آر ال

URL چیست؟

Scheme

اکثر کاربران تصور می کنند که URL یک آدرس وبسایت می باشد. اما به این سادگی ها نیست. یک آدرس وب سایت، یک URL است ولی همه URL ها آدرس وب سایت نمی باشند. قسمت Scheme یک URL (حروفی که جلوی آن ها نقل قول وجود دارد) پروتکلی را تعیین می‌کند تا مرورگر و سرور با آن ارتباط برقرار کند.

آدرس های وب سایت ها معمول ترین URLها می باشند. اما URLهای دیگری نیز وجود دارد که Schemeهای مختلفی دارند مانند:

HTTP) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

این یکی از اساسی ترین پروتکل های وب می باشد. این پروتکل معین می‌کند که سرور ها و مروگر ها باید چه واکنشی نسبت به دستورات انجام دهند.

HTTPS) HTTP Secure)

این پروتکل یک لایه رمزگذاری شده دارد. این پروتکل برای انتقال اطلاعات ایمن تر و مطمئن تر مورد استفاده قرار میگیرد.

 FTP) File Transfer Protocol)

این پروتکل است که معمولا برای انتقال اطلاعات در اینترنت مورد استفاده قرار میگید.

در مرورگرهای مدرن، دیگر نیازی به Scheme نمی باشد. برای مثال اگر آدرس وبسایتی را مانند WWW.kadous.ir را تایپ کنید، جستجو به صورت خودکار پروتکل مناسب را مشخص و پیدا می‌کند.

Authority

بخش Authority یک URL (قسمتی که بعد از اسلش ها قرار گرفته اند) به چند قسمت تقسیم می‌شود. با یک URL آسان شروع می کنیم.

درمثال بالا، تمام قسمت WWW.kadous.ir هاست نیم نامیده می‌شود. که به یک IP آدرس متصل می‌شود. شما حتی می توانید به جای هاست نیم یک آدرس IP در جستجوگر خود تایپ کنید. درصورتی که IP موردنظر را می دانید.

از سمت راست قسمت های دیگر آن را بررسی می کنیم:

URL چیست؟

URL چیست؟

Top-level Domain (دامین بالایی)

در این مثال عبارتcom  تاپ لول دامین ما محسوب می‌شود. این ها بهترین جایگاه را در دامین نیم سیستم دارند که آدرس های IP را به عبارتی آسان بر میگردانند تا کاربران به سادگی به خاطر بسپارند. معمول ترین تاپ لول دامین ها com، net، gov می باشند. اکثر کشورها تاپ لول دامین مخصوص به خود دارند مانندus، ir  همچنین بعضی از سازمان های بزرگ برای وبسایت های خود دارای تاپ لول دامین مختص به خود هستند.

Subdomain (دامین زیرین)

عبارت های «www»  و «kadous» در این مثال ساب دامین تعبیر می شوند.

این مثال یکی از ساده ترین URL های موجود می باشد. به همین دلیل امکان دارد، به قسمت های دیگر بخش Authority بر بخورید. به همین خاطردر پایین دو قسمت دیگر را بررسی کرده ایم:

User Information (اطلاعات کاربر)

بخش Authority همچنین می تواند دارای اطلاعات کاربر مانند نام کاربری و رمز سایتی که می خواهید به آن دسترسی پیدا کنید، باشد. این ساختار URLها امروزه زیاد معمول نیست اما امکان دارد پیش بیاید. مانند: username:password@www.kadous.com

Port Number (شماره مبدا)

این ساختار نیز امروزه معمول نیست، ولی امکان دارد آن را در برنامه های شبکه ای مشاهده کنید. شماره مبدا پس از هاست نیم می آید و بعد از یک نقل قول قرار می گیرد. مانند:

www.kadous.com:8080

منبع: mytarfand

287 دیدگاه دربارهٔ «URL چیست؟»

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    some targeted keywords but I’m not seeing very good gains.
    If you know of any please share. Kudos! You can read similar article here:
    Eco product

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